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epartment of Energy): - Non-Proliferation and National Security.  @CAA:>9 B@0=A:@8?F88 - "B45; >1>@>==>9 @07254K20B5;L=>9 8=D>@<0F88 C?@02;5=8O ?> 45;0< <564C=0@>4=>9 157>?0A=>AB8". 5 8<55B A2>53> @07254K20B5;L=>3> 0??0@0B0 70 @C156><, => :064K9 A>B@C4=8: 2 <8=8AB5@AB25 M=5@35B8:8, 2K5760NI89 70 @C156 >1O70= ?> 2>72@0I5=88 ?@54>AB02;OBL ?8AL<5==K9 >BG5B, A>45@60I89 A>1@0==K5 8< A2545=8O, 2 #?@02;5=85 ?> 45;0< <564C=0@>4=>9 157>?0A=>AB8. !>3;0A=> 8A?>;=8B5;L=><C ?@8:07C ?@57845=B0 N12333, MB>B >B45; A>18@05B A2545=8O >1 M=5@35B8:5 8=>AB@0==KE 3>AC40@AB2, >A>15==> > @07@01>B:5 8 ?@>872>4AB25 O45@=>3> >@C68O, 0B><=>9 M=5@35B8:5. >60;C9, 0<5@8:0=A:0O A8AB5<0 157>?0A=>AB8 1K;0 A0<>9 <>I=>9 8 4>@>3>AB>OI59 2 <8@5. 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A>25B 2>H;8: @57845=B, 28F5-?@57845=B, <8=8AB@ D8=0=A>2, <8=8AB@K >1>@>=K, NAB8F88, 74@02>>E@0=5=8O, B@0=A?>@B0, 48@5:B>@ D545@0;L=>3> 035=BAB20 G@572KG09=KE A8BC0F89, 48@5:B>@ $ , 48@5:B>@ & #, ?><>I=8: @57845=B0 ?> 2=CB@5==59 157>?0A=>AB8 8 4@C385 4>;6=>AB=K5 ;8F0 8A?>;=8B5;L=>9 25B28 2;0AB8, :>B>@KE ?@57845=B <>65B 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 ?@83;0H0BL 2 !>25B. C:>2>48B5;8 4<8=8AB@0F89 @57845=B0 8 28F5-?@57845=B0, ?><>I=8: ?@57845=B0 ?> =0F8>=0;L=>9 157>?0A=>AB8 <>3CB ?>A5I0BL ;N1K5 A>1@0=8O A>25B0. >AA5:@5B0@L, A5:@5B0@L A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20, <8=8AB@ 2=CB@5==8E 45;, <8=8AB@K M=5@35B8:8, B@C40 8 B>@3>2;8, A5:@5B0@L ?> 45;0< 25B5@0=>2, @C:>2>48B5;L 35=BAB20 ?> 70I8B5 >:@C60NI59 A@54K, ?><>I=8: @57845=B0 ?> M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?>;8B8:5 8 ?><>I=8: @57845=B0 ?> 2=CB@5==59 ?>;8B8:5 4>;6=K ?>A5I0BL A>1@0=8O !>25B0 ?> 2>?@>A0<, >B=>AOI8<AO : 8E :><?5B5=F88. @54A540B5;5< !>25B0 O2;O5BAO @57845=B. !?@02:0. ">< 846 @>48;AO 26 023CAB0 1945 3>40 2 A5<L5 ?@>402F0 A;02O=A:>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O 8 <0B5@8-8@;0=4:8 2 5=A8;L20=88. = >:>=G8; 0@20@4 8 ?>A5I0; N@848G5A:CN H:>;C 8::8=A>=0 (Dickinson Law School) 2 B5G5=85 3>40, ?>?0; 2 0@<8N, 345 ?>;CG8; @>=7>2CN 72574C 8 4>A;C68;AO 4> A5@60=B0 <>@A:>9 ?5E>BK. 5@=C2H8AL 4><>9, >= 70:>=G8; N@848G5A:>5 >1@07>20=85, @01>B0; ?><>I=8:>< >:@C6=>3> ?@>:C@>@0 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B, ?>:0 =5 ?>H5; 2 1980 3>4C @01>B0BL 2 :><0=4C, ?@>2>482HCN ?@57845=BA:CN :0<?0=8N 6>@460 CH0-AB0@H53>.  1982 3>4C >= 1K; 871@0= 2 !5=0B >B @5A?C1;8:0=F52. "0< >= ?@>A;028;AO B5<, GB> E>BL 8 1C4CG8 :0B>;8:><, 2>72@0B8; ?@02> =0 01>@B, 1>@>;AO 70 ?@020 25B5@0=>2 8 B.?. @>2>73;0A82 65AB:CN ?@>3@0<<C 1>@L1K A ?@5ABC?=>ABLN, >= 1K; 2K1@0= 3C15@=0B>@>< 5=A8;L20=88 2 1994 3>4C. 0: 3C15@=0B>@, >= ?>4?8A0; 1>;55 100 A<5@B=KE ?@83>2>@>2. 4=0:> 8725AB5= >= AB0; :0: 1>@5F 70 A=865=85 =0;>3>2>3> 1@5<5=8. 0?@8<5@, >= 4>18;AO >B<5=K 3>AC40@AB25==>3> =0;>30 =0 ?@81K;L 4;O <0;>3> 187=5A0. 5=0B, 8<55B 42CE 45B59. 'B> :>=:@5B=> 87<5=8;>AL 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 A8AB5<K 157>?0A=>AB8 A ?>O2;5=85< =>2>3> #?@02;5=8O, ?>:0 =58725AB=>. > <=5=8N 0<5@8:0=A:8E M:A?5@B>2, ?>:0 5I5 =5B G5B:>3> >?@545;5=8O >1O70==>AB59 8 7040G #?@02;5=8O. !C48BL >1 CA?5H=>9 8;8 =5CA?5H=>9 @01>B5 #?@02;5=8O 2=CB@5==59 157>?0A=>AB8 <>6=> 1C45B B>340, :>340 >=3@5AA ?@8<5B A?5F80;L=K9 70:>=>40B5;L=K9 0:B 4;O MB>3> 254><AB20, => ?>:0 >= MB>3> =5 A45;0;... >7<>6=>, =0 MB>< 87<5=5=8O 2 A8AB5<5 157>?0A=>AB8 !( =5 70:>=G8;8AL.  3075B5 "Washington Post" >B 8.11.01 ?>O28;>AL A>>1I5=85 > ?@54AB>OI59 B>B0;L=>9 @5D>@<5 @07254A>>1I5AB20 !(. > 40==K< "Washington Post", @57845=BA:89 A>25B ?> 2=5H=59 @07254:5 2K=0H8205B ?;0=K ?> ?5@540G5 B@5E :@C?=59H8E @07254K20B5;L=KE A;C61 87 ?>4G8=5=8O 5=B03>=0 ?>4 ?@O<>9 :>=B@>;L & #. 5GL 845B >1 35=BAB25 =0F8>=0;L=>9 157>?0A=>AB8 (National Security Agency), 0F8>=0;L=>< F5=B@5 @5:>3=>AF8@>2:8 (National Reconnaissance Office) 8 0F8>=0;L=>< 035=BAB25 :0@B>3@0D8@>20=8O 8 0M@>D>B>AJ5<:8 (National Imagery and Mapping Agency). -B> ?@54;>65=85 1C45B ?@54AB02;5=> @57845=BC C65 2 MB>< <5AOF5. D8F80;L=0O F5;L MB>9 @5D>@<K - A>:@0B8BL 1N@>:@0B8N <564C 12 @07254K20B5;L=K<8 A;C610<8 !(. @57845=BA:89 A>25B ?> 2=5H=59 @07254:5, 2>73;02;O5<K9 >BAB02=K< 35=5@0;-;59B5=0=B>< @5=B>< !:>C:@>DB>< (Brent Scowcroft), 1K; 2>AA>740= CH5< 2 <05 MB>3> 3>40, ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: CH ?>B@51>20; >B "5=5B0 ?@>0=0;878@>20BL A>AB>O=85 @07254A>>1I5AB20 !(, GB>1K ?@81;878BL 55 : =>2K< F5;O< 8 7040G0<. AB0B8, !:>C:@>DB @01>B0; ?><>I=8:>< ?> =0F157>?0A=>AB8 ?@57845=B>2 6>@460 CH0-AB0@H53> 8 65@0;L40 $>@40, B0: GB> ?@54;>65=8O 53> :><8AA88 2?>;=5 <>3CB 1KBL CA;KH0=K =K=5H=8< ?@57845=B><. > :@09=59 <5@5, 2 A>25B5 ?> @07254:5 >=3@5AA0 C65 70O2;ONB, GB> ?>445@60B MBC @5D>@<C. @>B82, 5AB5AB25==>, 2KABC?0NB >=0;L4 0<AD5;L4, 0 B0:65 A>25BK ?> 2>>@C65==K< A8;0< >=3@5AA0 8 5;>3> 4><0. 0A:>;L:> MB0 8=D>@<0F8O A>>B25BAB2C5B 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, <>6=> 1C45B AC48BL C65 2 1;8609H55 2@5<O. AB0B8, 2 B>B 65 45=L, 8 =>O1@O, 35=5@0;L=K9 ?@>:C@>@ !( 6>= -H:@>DB (John Ashcroft) >1JO28; > @5AB@C:BC@870F88 8=8AB5@AB20 NAB8F88, 2:;NG0O $  8 8<<83@0F8>==K5 A;C61K, 4;O 2545=8O 1>;55 MDD5:B82=>9 1>@L1K A B5@@>@87<><. !8;K A?5F80;L=KE >?5@0F89 ! !( @0A?>;030NB <>I=K<8 8 MDD5:B82=K<8 A8;0<8 A?5F80;L=KE >?5@0F89 (!!), 2 A>AB02 :>B>@KE 2E>4OB @59=465@K, A?5F=07 8 ">@A:85 :>B8:8". =8 =0AG8BK20NB A2KH5 45 BKA. 2>5==>A;C60I8E 8 <>I=K5 A@54AB20 >15A?5G5=8O. E <>18;L=>ABL, 1>53>B>2=>ABL 8 1>5A?>A>1=>ABL >G5=L 2KA>:8.  >?@545;5==KE CA;>28OE !! <>3CB 1KBL ?>445@60=K 0M@><>18;L=K<8 G0ABO<8 8 A>548=5=8O<8 18-3> :>@?CA0 ACE>?CB=KE 2>9A:. 0AHB01K A?5F>?5@0F89 70 @C156>< 2?5G0B;ONB: =0?@8<5@, 2 ?5@8>4 A 1995 ?> 1997 3>4 ?>GB8 2 70 AB@0=0E 459AB2>20;> >:>;> 4500 A>B@C4=8:>2 A?5F=070. > 273;O40< 0<5@8:0=A:>3> :><0=4>20=8O, !! A?>A>1=K 459AB2>20BL =0 3;C18=C 4> 700-800 :<. 0 MB> @0AAG8B0=K A@54AB20 8E ?5@51@>A:8, A B0:>9 3;C18=>9 A>3;0A>20=K @048CAK 459AB28O B0:B8G5A:>9 0280F88, 157 :>B>@>9 <0AHB01=K5 A?5F>?5@0F88 =0 B5@@8B>@88 D30=8AB0=0 =52>7<>6=K. 'B> 1K205B, :>340 !! ?@8E>48BAO 459AB2>20BL =0 1>;LHCN 3;C18=C, ?>:070; =5C40G=K9 @594 ?> >A2>1>645=8N 70;>6=8:>2 2 0<5@8:0=A:>< ?>A>;LAB25 2 "535@0=5 ?>A;5 8@0=A:>9 8A;0<A:>9 @52>;NF88. @8 8A?>;L7>20=88 2 D30=8AB0=5 !! =5 A<>3CB ?>;=>ABLN ?>4>@20BL B5@@>@8AB8G5A:CN 107C, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 =5 A?>A>1=K 4;8B5;L=> :>=B@>;8@>20BL B5@@8B>@8N.  ;CGH5< A;CG05 A?5F=07 <>65B C=8GB>68BL 8;8 70E20B8BL @C:>2>4OI55 O4@> B5@@>@8AB8G5A:>9 >@30=870F88. !?5F=07 B@O4 "5;LB0". ?5@0B82=K9 >B@O4 A?5FA8; 0<5@8:0=A:>9 0@<88. !>740= 2 1976 3>4C. @8G5<, A=0G0;0 ?@54?>;030;>AL A>74020BL 0=B8B5@@>@8AB8G5A:85 3@C??K 2 !( =0 1075 "5;5=KE 15@5B>2", => 2KAH55 :><0=4>20=85 ! !( @5H8;> A>740BL =>2K5 A8;K. >MB><C 8 ?> A59 45=L "5;LB0" ?@51K205B 2 65AB:>9 :>=D@>=B0F88 A <>@A:8<8 ?5E>B8=F0<8 !(. 078@C5BAO 2 $>@B @M33 (!525@=0O 0@>;8=0).  A2>5 2@5<O 1K;8 ;N18<F0<8 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?@57845=B0 >=0;L40 5930=0. ;02=>5 0=B8B5@@>@8AB8G5A:>5 ?>4@0745;5=85 !(, A>740==>5 2 A5@548=5 70-E. 0=8<05BAO >A2>1>645=85< 0<5@8:0=A:8E 70;>6=8:>2 70 @C156><. '8A;5==>ABL - >:>;> 500 G5;>25:. ABL 425 65=I8=K. 0 2@5<O A2>53> ACI5AB2>20=8O ?@8=O;> CG0AB85 2 A>B=OE B09=KE >?5@0F89 2> 2A5< <8@5.  B>< G8A;5, 2 2>9=5 =0 0=0<5 8 2 @5=045. !0<0O C40G=0O >?5@0F8O - 0:F88 ?@>B82 @0:0 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K 2 5@A84A:>< 70;825. !0<K9 :@C?=K9 ?@>20;  ?>?KB:0 >A2>1>48BL 70;>6=8:>2 2 ?>A>;LAB25 !( 2 "535@0=5 2 1980 3>4C. > 2@5<O ?>?KB:8 HBC@<0 0<5@8:0=FK A;CG09=> ?>4>63;8 25@B>;5B, A0<>;5B, A:;04 A 3>@NG8< 8 02B>1CA, 8 1>528:8 "5;LBK" 2 ?0=8:5 @5B8@>20;8AL. 53 70;>6=8:0 ?@>A845;8 2 ?>A>;LAB25 444 4=O 8 1K;8 >A2>1>645=K ;8HL ?CB5< ?5@53>2>@>2. "B@O4 G@572KG09=>9 A;C61K =LN-9>@:A:>9 ?>;8F88" (ESU). '8A;5==>ABL - >:>;> 400 G5;>25:, 87 =8E >:>;> 45AOB:0 - 65=I8=K. A=0I5=K BO65;K< >@C685<, 8<5NB 3@C??K ?@8:@KB8O. !?0A;8 >:>;> 500 70;>6=8:>2, ?>B5@O;8 >:>;> B@5E 45AOB:>2 A2>8E 1>528:>2. !0<0O :@C?=0O >?5@0F8O - >E@0=0 0?K 8<A:>3> 2> 2@5<O 53> 2878B0 2 !( 2 >:BO1@5 1995 3>40. -B0 AB@C:BC@0, =0?><8=0NI0O <0;5=L:CN 0@<8N, CG0AB2C5B 2 A@54=5< 2 2,5 BKA. >?5@0F8OE 2 3>4 "B@O4 ?>;8F88 >A-=465;5A0" (SWAT). !>740= ?>A;5 <>;>456=KE 2>;=5=89 2 !( 2 1965 3>4C. -;8B=>5 ?>4@0745;5=85, 8A?>;L7CNI55AO :0: 2=CB@8 AB@0=K, B0: 8 70 55 ?@545;0<8. '8A;5==>ABL - 70 G5;>25:, 87 =8E >4=0 - 65=I8=0. 725AB=K A2>59 1>@L1>9 A B5@@>@8AB8G5A:>9 >@30=870F859 !( "'5@=K5 ?0=B5@K", ;8:2840F859 ?>E8B8B5;59 4>G5@8 3075B=>3> <03=0B0 %5@AB0. 0 2A5 2@5<O A2>53> ACI5AB2>20=8O >B@O4 >A2>1>48; 1>;55 A>B=8 70;>6=8:>2, 8 =8 >48= 87 =8E =5 ?>381. 0B> 2 A0<>< ?>4@0745;5=88 ?>381;> >:>;> 45AOB:0 >D8F5@>2. >5==>-<>@A:0O !?5F80;L=0O @C??0 (Naval Special Warfare Development Group). !;C610 >A=>20=0 2 1980 3>4C, HB01-:20@B8@0: Dam Neck, Virginia, USA. >5==>-<>@A:0O !?5F80;L=0O @C??0, 48A;>F8@CNI0OAO 2 8@468=88, >B25G05B 70 0=B8B5@@>@8AB8G5A:85459AB28O !( =0 2>45. @C??0 A>AB>8B 87425=04F0B8 272>4>2. 1CG5=85 MB8E A>;40B ?@>2>48BAO =0 B5@@8B>@88 2A5E !(. @>E>4OB B0:65 A>2<5AB=K5 CG5=8O A 1>;55 >?KB=K<8 :><0=40<8 B8?0 =5<5F:8E GSG-9, 0=3;89A:8E SBS. @C??0 CG0AB2>20;0 2> <=>65AB25 0:F89, =0G8=0O A A5@548=K 1980-E. -B0 3@C??0 AB0;0 ?@8G8=>9 3@0=48>7=>3> A:0=40;0, @073>@52H53>AO 2 AB@0=5 2 =0G0;5 90-E. ">340 @C:>2>4AB2> 3@C??K >128=8;8 2 ?@8A2>5=88 D>=4>2, 0 >A=>20B5;L 8 @C:>2>48B5;L 3@C??K 8G0@4 0@A8=:> 1K; >AC645= 8 ?@83>2>@5= ?>GB8 : 42C< 3>40< 2 $545@0;L=>9 BN@L<5, 0 B0:65 HB@0DC 2 10 BKA. 4>;;0@>2. 5A<>B@O =0 MB>, 2 =5:>B>@KE :@C30E 0@A8=:> 2A5 5I5 C2060NB 8 AG8B0NB GCBL ;8 =5 <8D8G5A:>9 D83C@>9. @C??0 8<55B A2>8 25@B>;5BK 8 A0<>;5BK 8 =0@O4C A =5:>B>@K<8 4@C38<8 3@C??0<8 ?@8720=0, 2 G0AB=>AB8, >15A?5G820BL 157>?0A=>ABL 0?K 8<A:>3> 2> 2@5<O 53> 2878B>2 2 !(.  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"5@@>@87< 8 7@08;L 5 A5=BO1@O 1972 3>40, =0 %% ;8<?8045 2 N=E5=5 ?@>87>H;0 A0<0O GC4>28I=0O B@03548O 70 2AN 8AB>@8N A?>@B82=KE A>ABO70=89.  3:30 CB@0 2 >48= 87 4><>2 ;8<?89A:>9 45@52=8, @0A?>;>65==>< =0 >==>;8-HB@0AA5 31, 2>@20;8AL 8 2>>@C65==KE 4> 7C1>2 B5@@>@8AB>2, ?@8=04;5602H8E : 1>52>9 3@C??5 @30=870F88 A2>1>645=8O 0;5AB8=K () "'5@=K9 A5=BO1@L". < C40;>AL 70E20B8BL 2 70;>6=8:8 11 G;5=>2 87@08;LA:>9 A?>@B82=>9 45;530F88. 5C40G=0O ?>?KB:0 >A2>1>645=8O 70;>6=8:>2, ?@54?@8=OB0O 70?04=>35@<0=A:8< A?5F=07><, 70:>=G8;0AL ?>;=K< ?@>20;>< - 2A5 >48==04F0BL 87@08;LA:8E A?>@BA<5=>2 ?>381;8 >B @C: =5<5F:8E A?5F=07>2F52. 7@08;L 4> A8E ?>@ =5 <>65B ?@>AB8BL =5<F0< B>3>, GB> >=8 :0B53>@8G5A:8 >B:070;8 87@08;LBO=0< 2 ?@>AL15 @07@5H8BL 8< ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 >?5@0F88 ?> A?0A5=8N 70;>6=8:>2.  A2>N >G5@54L, A?5F=07 $  4> A8E ?>@ =5 <>65B 871028BLAO >B  <N=E5=A:>3> A8=4@><0. !@07C ?>A;5 >;8<?89A:>9 B@035488 ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@ 7@08;O >;40 58@ 2KABC?8;0 A 70O2;5=85<, =5 B>;L:> >AC640NI8< GC4>28I=CN 0:F8N, => 8 40NI8< ?>=OBL 2A5<C <8@C, GB> 7@08;L =8:>340 =5 701C45B :@>202K9 <N=E5=A:89 2B>@=8:. KA:07K20=8O >;4K 58@ =5 1K;8 3>;>A;>2=K<8. @0:B8G5A:8 A@07C ?>A;5 <N=E5=A:>9 @57=8 7@08;LA:0O A;C610 157>?0A=>AB8 - >AA04 ?> ;8G=><C C:070=8N ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0 70=O;0AL ?>43>B>2:>9 0:F88 2>7<5748O. ;O MB>9 F5;8 1K;> AD>@<8@>20=> B@8 8;8 G5BK@5 C40@=K5 3@C??K.  :064CN 87 B0:8E 3@C?? >1O70B5;L=> 2E>48;8 >D8F5@K, A;C682H85 2 >B1>@=KE G0ABOE @<88 >1>@>=K 7@08;O (&%0) 8 ?@>H54H85 A?5F80;L=CN ?>43>B>2:C 2 >AA045. !;C610 157>?0A=>AB8 A>AB028;0 A?8A>:, 2 :>B>@K9 1K;8 2:;NG5=K 11 B5@@>@8AB>2, 8<52H8E =5?>A@54AB25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : 3815;8 87@08;LA:8E A?>@BA<5=>2: 1. ;8 %0A0= !0;0<M 2. 1C 0C4 3. 0E<C4 %0<H0@8 4. 095;L 209B5@ 5. 078;L ;L-C108A8 6. 0<0;L 0A5@ 7. 5<0;L 420= 8. 0E<C4 .ACD 0468@ 9. 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A;54 70 MB8< A =8< 70:;NG0;8 :>=B@0:B > 2K?>;=5=85 A?5F80;L=>3> 7040=8O. -B> 1K;> A45;0=> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2 A;CG05 0@5AB0 =8:>3> =5 A<>3;8 1K C;8G8BL 2 @01>B5 =0 A;C61C 157>?0A=>AB8 7@08;O 8, B5< A0<K<, >128=8BL 52@59A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> 2 =0@CH5=88 <564C=0@>4=>3> ?@020. >;CG0;>AL, GB> CG0AB=8:8 >?5@0F88 459AB2>20;8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> 8 D>@<0;L=> =5 8<5;8 =8:0:>3> >B=>H5=8O : 3>AC40@AB2C 7@08;L. 095;L 209B5@ 1K; C18B 2 8<5; 0E<C4 %0<H0@8 8 CE0<54 C480 - 2 0@865; %CA59= 104 ;L-(8@ - =0 8?@5; 078;L ;L-C108A8 - 2 0@865; 0<0;L 0A5@, 0<0;L 420=, 0E<C4 .ACD 0468@ 8 ;8 %0A0= !0;0<M - 2 59@CB5; 084 CE0AA8 - 2 D8=0E; 1C 0C4 - 2 >478; ">;L:> >48= G5;>25: CH5; >B 2>7<5748O. < 1K; 4>:B>@ 048 %0404, :>B>@K9 2 1978 3>4C C<5@ 2 2>AB>G=>35@<0=A:>9 1>;L=8F5 >B @0:0. >GB8 9 ;5B ?>B@51>20;>AL >AA04C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >B><AB8BL 70 3815;L >48==04F0B8 87@08;LA:8E A?>@BA<5=>2.  8<5==> ?>A;5 7025@H5=8O >?5@0F88 ">7<57485" >AA04 AB0;8 AG8B0BL >4=>9 87 ;CGH8E A?5FA;C61 <8@0. >AA04 >4=0:> =5 548=AB25==0O A?5FA;C610 2 A8AB5<5 157>?0A=>AB8 7@08;O.  <K =0G0;8 A <N=E5=A:>9 B@035488 A >4=>9 548=AB25==>9 F5;LN - ?>:070BL, :0: =5:>B>@K5 A?5FA;C61K A>740NB A515 @5?CB0F8N 8 4>1820NBAO <8@>2>9 8725AB=>AB8. > MB> >4=0 AB>@>=0 <540;8. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 2AO >?5@0F8O ">7<57485" - MB> ?@8<5@ B>3>, :0: A?5FA;C61K 2 1>@L15 A B5@@>@8AB0<8 A0<8 8A?>;L7CNB G8AB> B5@@>@8AB8G5A:85 <5B>4K. >AA04 4>AB0B>G=> C1548B5;L=> ?>4B25@6405B 2A5 >128=5=8O :@8B8:>2 7@08;O 2 B><, GB> >= A>740; ?@8=F8?80;L=> =>2CN A8AB5<C 1>@L1K A B5@@>@87<><, :>B>@0O A>AB>8B 87 :><?>=5=B>2 =5A>2<5AB8<KE 2 ?@8=F8?5 - 3>AC40@AB25==>3> B5@@>@87<0, <0=8?C;8@C5<>3> 8A;0<A:>3> B5@@>@87<0 8 0=B8B5@@>@8AB8G5A:8E A?5FA;C61. #65 ?@8 A>740=88 3>AC40@AB20 7@08;L 1K; A45;0= ?@8=F8?80;L=K9 8 >B:@KBK9 2K1>@ - B5@@>@87< AB0; 206=K< ?>;8B8G5A:8< A@54AB2><. ><0=48@ B>9 3@C??K, GB> C18;0 ?>A;0==8:0  5@=04>BB0, =5402=89 ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@ 7@08;O FE0: (0<8@, 70O28; 2 1943 3.: "8 52@59A:0O <>@0;L, =8 52@59A:0O B@048F8O =5 8A:;NG0NB B5@@>@87<0 :0: A@54AB20 1>@L1K". 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