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A0<>3> =0G0;0 D>@<8@>20=85< 0<5@8:0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 2 D30=8AB0=5 70=8<0;AO A>25B=8: ?> =0F8>=0;L=>9 157>?0A=>AB8 2 04<8=8AB@0F88 ?@57845=B0 0@B5@0 183=52 6578=A:89. = AG8B0;, GB> 7040G59 !( O2;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> 70AB028BL !>25BK C1@0BLAO 87 D30=8AB0=0, => 8 @0A?@>AB@0=8BL 8A;0<A:89 D0=0B87< =0 F5=B@0;L=>-0780BA:85 @5A?C1;8:8 8 45AB018;878@>20BL A8BC0F8N 2 !!! . >4>1=K5 ?;0=K 6578=A:>3> ?>;=>ABLN A>2?040;8 A 0<18F8O<8 ?0:8AB0=A:>3> 35=5@0;0 8O #;L-%0:0, AB@5<OI53>AO : 4><8=8@>20=8N 2 MB>< @538>=5. >4:>=B@>;L=K5 0<5@8:0=A:><C ?@028B5;LAB2C 048> !2>1>40 8 048> !2>1>4=0O 2@>?0 @0725@=C;8 H8@>:>5 25I0=85 =0 &5=B@0;L=CN 78N, 2>A?520O 8A;0<A:CN @52>;NF8N 2 A>A54=5< D30=8AB0=5. !@548 42865=8O <>460E54>2 0H8=3B>= 2K45;O; D@0:F8N ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< C;L15448=0 %5:<0B8O@0. -B>B 1>@5F 70 A2>1>4C ?@>A;028;AO 5I5 2 70-E 3>40E, :>340 =0 C;8F5 ?;5A:0; :8A;>B>9 2 ;8F> 65=I8=, >A<5;82H8EAO ?>O28BLAO 157 ?0@0=468.  2 1992 3>4C, :>340 01C; C65 D0:B8G5A:8 1K; 27OB <>460E540<8, %5:<0B8O@ >1AB@5;820; 3>@>4 @0:5B0<8 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?@>872>4AB20 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 5<C =5 30@0=B8@>20;8 ?>AB ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0 2 =>2>< ?@028B5;LAB25. ">340 1K;> C18B> =5 <5=55 2 BKAOG <8@=KE 3>@>60=.  B> 2@5<O A %5:<0B8O@>< 8 53> >@30=870F859 B5A=> A>B@C4=8G0; 8 15= 045=. 0;> :B> 7=05B, GB> ?><8<> =0F8>=0;L=>->A2>1>48B5;L=>9 1>@L1K %5:<0B8O@ :>=B@>;8@>20; @072545=85 <0:0 8 =0@:>B@0D8: 87 D30=8AB0=0 2 2@>?C 8 !(.  B5 3>4K, ?> >F5=:5 A?5F80;8AB>2, 0D30=A:89 35@>8= A>AB02;O; >:>;> 60% 0<5@8:0=A:>3> @K=:0 =0@:>B8:>2. 5A<>B@O =0 MB> %5:<0B8O@ ?>;L7>20;AO 1>;LH>9 ?>445@6:>9 A> AB>@>=K & #. > A;>20< :>@@5A?>=45=B0 Far Eastern Economic Review E<540 0H840, 2 1986 3>4C 4>1@> =0 25@1>2:C <>460E54>2 4;O 0D30=A:>3> 468E040 40; B>340H=89 48@5:B>@ & # 8;LO< 59A8. 0 A0<>< 45;5 MB> ?@>87>H;> 3>@074> @0=LH5, 8 2KH5 <K =0720;8 D8@<K & #, 70=8<02H85AO 25@1>2:>9 C65 2 1980-81 33., 0 B0:65 107K, =0 :>B>@KE ?@>E>48;0 ?>43>B>2:0 0D30=A:8E <>460E54>2.  ?5@8>4 A 1982 ?> 1992 3>4K 2 A>A54=89 0:8AB0= ?@81K;> =5 <5=55 100 BKAOG 8A;0<A:8E 1>528:>2, 3>B>2KE ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 1>52KE 459AB28OE 2 D30=8AB0=5. >43>B>2:>9 8 >1CG5=85< 1>528:>2 87 >@30=870F88 15= 045=0 2 1989 3>4C 70=8<0;AO ;8 >EE0<54, >48= 87 B5@@>@8AB>2, CG0AB2>202H8E 2 ?>4@K25 0<5@8:0=A:8E ?>A>;LAB2 2 5=88 8 "0=70=88.  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CB25@640;0, GB> 2AO MB0 ?@>3@0<<0 ?>43>B>2:8 1K;0 ;8HL G0ABLN >4>1@5==>3> 0H8=3B>=>< ?;0=0 ?>4 =0720=85< ?5@0F8O &8:;>=. ;O @0A?@545;5=8O 45=53, >@C68O 8 >1>@C4>20=8O A@548 @07;8G=KE >@30=870F89 8 42865=89 <>460E54>2 2 0:8AB0=5 1K;> A>740=> A?5F80;L=>5 C?@02;5=85 <0B5@80;L=>-B5E=8G5A:>3> >15A?5G5=8O - 0:B01 0;L E840<0@ (). -B>B A0<K9  D0:B8G5A:8 C?@02;O;AO 8 :>=B@>;8@>20;AO C?@02;5=85< & #, >B25G0NI8< 70 2708<>459AB285 A @07254A;C610<8 4@C38E AB@0= (B0: =07K205<>5 ISI - Inter-Service Intelligence). <5==> G5@57 ISI & # 8 !0C4>2A:0O @028O >ACI5AB2;O;8 B09=CN ?>445@6:C 0D30=A:>3> A>?@>B82;5=8O.  15= 045= 1K; >4=8< 87 B@5E @C:>2>48B5;59 . >74=55, 2 1989 3>4C, >= 548=>;8G=> 2>73;028; MBC >@30=870F8N, @0A?@545;ONICN 2AN ?><>IL, ?>ABC?0NICN 2 04@5A <>460E54>2 87-70 @C1560. !@548 2>A?8B0==8:>2 >E0<<540 1K; =5:B> -;L !084 >AM@, ?>A065==K9 2 1995 3>4C 2 BN@L<C 70 C189AB2> 87@08;LA:>3> ?>;8B8:0 ?@02>3> B>;:0 0118 >E0=5 8 ?;0=8@>20=85 27@K2>2 "& 2 LN->@:5 2 1993 3>4C. > ?@54?>;>65=8N 2A5 B>9 65 Independent, 538?5BA:><C @5;838>7=><C ?@>?>254=8:C H59EC <0@C 145;L 0E<0=C, B0:65 >:0702H5<CAO 2 BN@L<5 70 ?;0=8@>20=85 27@K20 2 "&, 2 ?5@0F88 &8:;>= 1K;0 >B2545=0 >A>10O @>;L. 725AB=>, GB> A A>3;0A8O A?5FA;C61 2 1996 3>4C H59E ?>1K20; 2 !(.  :0: A>>1I05B Independent, 2 A5:@5B=>< 4>:;045 & # 3>2>@8BAO, GB> #?@02;5=85 G0AB8G=> ?@87=05B A2>N 28=C 70 27@K2 2 "& 2 1993 3>4C. <5==> 87 B0:>9 0:B82=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 & # 2K@>A B5@@>@8AB !1 A0<0 15= 045=, 0 C40@=>9 A8;>9 53> >@30=870F88 ;L 0940 O2;ONBAO 25B5@0=K 2>9=K 2 D30=8AB0=5. A0<0 15= 045=, >48= 87 20 AK=>259 0@01A:>3> <8;;80@45@0, ?>O28;AO 2 D30=8AB0=5 2 1980 3>4C. 5;838>7=K9 D0=0B8: 8 :@C?=K9 187=5A<5=, 15= 045= AB0; 70=8<0BLAO 25@1>2:>9, D8=0=A8@>20=85< 8 ?>43>B>2:>9 =>2KE <>460E54>2. 5?>A@54AB25==> G5@57 53> @C:8 ?@>H;8 ?@8<5@=> 35 BKAOG 4>1@>2>;LF52 87 @07=KE AB@0=. !5<LO 15= 045=0 70=8<05B 206=>5 ?>;>65=85 A@548 ?@02OI59 M;8BK !0C4>2A:>9 @0288. =0 8<55B B5A=K5 A2O78 A :>@>;52A:>9 A5<L59 !0C48B>2.  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